Corneal dystrophy is a hereditary eye disease that affects a dog's ability to see clearly through its cornea. It is generally a progressive condition that leads to impaired vision over time. Although non-inflammatory, it causes abnormal deposits in the cornea, often resulting in vision impairment. While it can affect any dog, certain breeds have a genetic predisposition to the condition.
Types of Corneal Dystrophy
There are three types of corneal dystrophy, classified based on the corneal layer they primarily affect:
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Epithelial Corneal Dystrophy: Affects the outermost layer of the cornea and may result in corneal erosions with pain.
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Stromal Corneal Dystrophy: Affects the middle layer of the cornea, leading to lipid or cholesterol deposits.
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Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy: Causes fluid buildup (corneal edema) in the innermost layer of the cornea, often leading to vision impairment.
Symptoms and Onset Age
Corneal dystrophy presents different symptoms depending on the type:
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Epithelial: Cloudy or rough corneal surface, eye irritation, squinting.
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Stromal: Hazy or white crystalline deposits, usually developing between the ages of 2 and 6.
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Endothelial: Progressive cloudiness due to fluid buildup, mostly seen in older dogs.
Breeds Predisposed to Corneal Dystrophy
Certain breeds are more likely to develop this condition:
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Siberian Husky
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Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
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Beagle
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Shetland Sheepdog
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Cocker Spaniel
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Boston Terrier
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Dachshund
Causes of Corneal Dystrophy
Although corneal dystrophy is inherited, its underlying causes vary by type:
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Epithelial: Believed to result from genetic mutations affecting the corneal surface.
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Stromal: Caused by abnormal lipid metabolism, leading to cholesterol deposits.
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Endothelial: Degenerative loss of corneal endothelial cells, reducing the cornea’s ability to regulate fluid exchange.
Diagnosis
A veterinarian can confirm corneal dystrophy through the following tests:
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Slit Lamp Biomicroscopy: Magnifies the cornea for better inspection.
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Fluorescein Stain: Identifies corneal ulcers or erosions.
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Tonometry: Measures intraocular pressure to rule out other eye conditions.
Treatment and Management
There is no cure for corneal dystrophy, but various treatments can help maintain eye health:
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Epithelial: Lubricating eye drops to relieve discomfort and medications to prevent corneal erosion.
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Stromal: Usually requires little to no treatment; some cases may benefit from dietary changes to lower lipid levels.
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Endothelial: Hypertonic saline drops can reduce fluid buildup; in advanced cases, corneal grafting may be considered.
Living with Corneal Dystrophy
Most dogs with corneal dystrophy can live comfortably with proper care. Regular veterinary visits are essential to monitor the condition’s progression. Watch for signs of eye discomfort, excessive tearing, or vision problems, and consult your vet if symptoms worsen.
When to See the Vet
Seek veterinary attention if your dog shows:
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Sudden cloudiness in the eyes
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Signs of pain (squinting, eye rubbing)
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Difficulty navigating familiar surroundings
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Excessive discharge or redness
While corneal dystrophy is a serious condition, understanding the disease and working closely with a veterinarian can help ensure the best possible quality of life for affected dogs.
https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/eyes/c_dg_corneal_dystrophies
